Character Analysis of Anne of The Thousand Days Essay Example for Free

Character Analysis of Anne of The Thousand Days EssayThousand Days is a 1969 drama do by Hal Wallis Productions and distributed by Universal Pictures. Directed by Charles Jarrott and produced by Hal B. Wallis.In Anne of the Thousand Days, King Richard VIII plays the underlying role in the plot and come out of the play. As the king of England, Richard is the most prominent authority figure. It turns out that he is the main showcase and therefore the most important person in the play.Being the primal character makes it easy for this character to progress the play. The main contribution to progress the play is King Richards urgent desire to have a son to wages heir to his throne. This is what the entire play revolves around. There are several other contributions that he makes to move the play forward. Some of these include his infatuation with Anne Boleyn, manipulating his government to support different women into his life, and Annes trial that leads to her eventual death.T he playwright employed this character as the central baloney that the entire play is based upon. Being based on history, it seems to be a very interesting story about King Richard VIII and the playwright realized this. It only makes sense to make him the main character because the story is about him. This play absolutely could not have been made without the king.If I were cast into playing King Richard VIII, I would not change the central objectives of my role. Being that this play is mostly non-fiction, it does not make sense to try and alter history in a major way. In my opinion, retaining the true story as well as possible is the best way to tell a story that is heavily based on history.BibliographyAnne of the Thousand Days afternoon tea at Trianon. 2008. 11 November 2008. http//teaattrianon.blogspot.com/2008/10/anne-of-thousand-days-1969.htmlAnne of the Thousand Days Wikipedia Encylopedia. 2008. 11 November 2008.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_the_Thousand_Days

War in the Air Essay Example for Free

War in the Air EssayIf there was a war today, aircraft would be recitationd for the following reasons, parachuting soldiers into confrontation lines, bombing enemy countries, transporting supplies to forces, spying on the enemy, observe aircraft carriers to gain valuable information about operations in the enemy lines.In 1914 planes were not as useful and were mainly used to watch enemy activities. The only utensilry used by aircraft were the guns which pilots carried to shoot down enemy planes this was very dangerous as pilots risked hitting the propeller and having the shot rebound and killing themselves. Later in 1915 a man called Anthony Fokker a Dutch designer working for Germany designed a machine gun timed to fire between the airplanes propellers. The invention made air combat more deadly and lead to dogfights which was clashes with enemy aircraft. Another outset of weaponry used by pilots was small hand bombs which were dropped by hand these bombs had little effect on the enemy and outcome of the war. In 1914 planes resources disabled the aeroplanes from transporting supplies to troops and operating attacks on the enemy.During 1914 planes were extremely unreliable and very dangerous, they were mostly used for observing the enemies lines, spying and collecting valuable information. At later stages Germany developed the Gotha it was one(a) of the first bomber aircraft, these aeroplanes were very valuable as they collected information from the enemy lines they took valuable photographs. These aeroplanes were a great help for sailors and troops.The Zeppelins were not much use for attacking this was due to them not being able to carry enough bombs to do serious damage. These were a valuable weapon for war at sea and the Germans had the most advanced ones.In the earlier stages of war the important aircraft were the airships, the airships were gas powered by engines with massive bags of Hydrogen. The airships were mainly used by the British forces for accompanying ships and tracking down u-boats. They spotted u-boats on the surface of the water and they gave a warning to allied troops. However Germany had an advantage as their airships were the Zeppelins they were an important weapon but more so to the war at sea. The Zeppelins flew higher and travelled at a greater speed.

Microcontrollers In Wireless Sensor Networks

Microcontrollers In Wireless Sensor NetworksABSTRACT Now a days wireless sensing element networks adjudge been gaining interact with physical in world. Whereas these substructure be used in diametrical applications in medical, military, roadside, industrial etc .In the wireless detector network cut down power is the main importance. In wireless demodulator network, which atomic moment 18 using battery operated demodulators need low-power component devices to increase the life time of the sensors and also gives rise for wireless sensor networks which prolongs the life time for sensor nodes. In this we explore nigh the three distinct microcontrollers in wireless sensor and also we discussed about the characteristics of the typical wireless sensor network application. They are Microchip, AVR and MSP430 serial. By comparing this we conclude which is best for the wireless sensor network. Now a days these microcontrollers are commercially using in sensor nodes.1. INTRODUCTIONA sensor node is a node which is able for perform both(prenominal) processing, collecting sensor informations and communicating with other connected nodes in a sensor network and it is also called as mode. These sensor nodes usually have very small computers and entrepot capability compared to desktop computers. This sight be attri simplyed to their use of very low power microcontrollers.Microcontrollers perform the main task in the sensor nodes i.e. processing the entropy and controlling the functions of the other components. These are some of the controllers using as Digital Signal Processors, Field Programmable provide Array and applications. So microcontrollers are more satisfactory for sensor nodes. The best choice for embedded systems is to use microcontrollers because of the services providing by them, like it can connect to other devices more flexible and the power uptake is less.Digital Signal Processing is commandeering for broadband wireless communication, but acco rding to wireless sensor networks the communication should be simple and easy to process. Field Programmable Gate Array are not used in wireless sensor network because it should required more time and energy for the reprogrammabling and reconfiguring to their usage. Application-specific Integrated circuits are performing as hardware where as microcontrollers are providing as softwares.So a wireless sensor network mostly uses microcontrollers. In this wireless sensor network we uses so many microcontrollers with different companies they are Microchip, Atmel etc.There are three different typical micro controllers which are used in wireless sensor network applications .they are Microchips, AVR series MSP430 series.2. TYPICAL MICROCONTROLLERS USED IN WSN APPLICATIONS2.1. MicrochipsPIC microcontrollers are made by microchip technologies limited. These are mainly used in industrial development due to their low cost and it has serial programming capability. The features for microchip are explained below.2.1.1. resist bodily structureIn the PIC microcontroller interrupt structure is very simple but powerful, we can set the antecedency levels to the interrupts i.e., high or low and also these are usable for real time interrupts.2.1.2. teaching method setFor the lower end PICs it varies about 35 instructions and for higher end PICs it varies about 80 instructions.pic micro controllers called as 8bit micro controllers because we have different PIC series for example PIC12 series size varies from 12bit and 30bits in the PIC30.in this single cycle execution with single delay cycle.2.1.3. warehousing architecturePIC microcontrollers conserve Harvard architecture nothing but separate tag and information space. This microcontroller have number of register files which works as general purpose ram some of special purpose control registers for on chip researches. In this memory is divided in to believes.2.1.4. Input and output featuresFor every microcontroller we have I/O ports, which are used for transceiver and analog to digital conversion interfacing. But for some of the PIC series microcontrollers have on-chip ADC, due to this we used direct for analogy data from the transducer.PIC series also having the hardware which can carry SPI out.2.1.5. Applicability of low power techniquesThese microcontrollers are able to operate over a wide relative frequency and potentiality range which makes frequency scaling possible. Some of PIC series dont hold in frequency scaling but due to the external hardware they can support they are PIC12 and PIC16.but some PIC series supports the frequency scaling because of having the internal RC oscillator which can be used as quantify. Due to this clock substitution it takes time for result.2.1.6. Low power rest period modeBy comparing the microcontrollers the PIC series microcontrollers are simplistic. Due to this lower end PICs doesnt have sleep modes. But for PIC16 microcontrollers it has only one sleep mod e which was placed on processor core, for PIC18 series have two sleep modes if the computer peripherals are running thus the core is shut-off and it is vice versa for second sleep mode.2.1.7. PipeliningPIC instruction takes one machine to execute i.e. 4 clock cycles. For execution it takes two phases fetch and execute. This is a two stage word of mouth.2.1.8. ShortcomingPIC microcontrollers have a small set of instruction set but these are best comparing to reduced instruction set computing devices. But PIC architecture doesnt have more advantages compared to reduced instruction set computer.They are, it doesnt have load-store architecture, due to this the memory direction refers in arithmetic and logical instructions. By comparing to RISC processor, this PIC has only a single register but for RISC typically includes 16.2.2. AVR seriesThe AVR series microcontroller is also fallows the Harvard architecture.ATMega128L microcontroller is widely used in sensor nodes. The features fo r AVR are explained below.2.2.1. Interrupt structureAVR microcontroller is a powerful interrupt structure for AVR interrupt execution is enabled for four clock cycle minimum. Then the program is executed.2.2.2. direction setThe AVR ISA is more suitable than 8-bit microcontroller. The ATMEGA128 offer 133 powerful instructions. Each instruction takes one or two 16bit words. In this instruction set arithmetic operations work ob register R0-R32, but not directly on RAM.2.2.3. Memory architectureThe Harvard architecture type AVR is based with programs and is stores data separately for performing and parallelism. Flash, EEPROM, SRAM are single integrated chip. The register file, input out registers, and SRAM are data correspondress space.2.2.4. I/O featuresGeneral purpose I/O ports are bi-directional. These AVRs has a built in ADC and Analog comparators. In AVR on Chip Debugging (OCD) support through JTAG.The flexible communication in AVR is serial peripheral interface and a two-wire ser ial interface and these are analog comparators.2.2.5. Applicability of low power techniquesIn this the low voltage is operating down to 1.8v.in this voltage is available and also frequency scaling also provided.2.2.6. Low power sleeps modesIt also fix power sleep modes they are Idle, ADC noise reduction, power-save, power-down, stand by and extended stand by.2.2.7. PipeliningIn this microcontroller each instruction occupies one or two cycles and it also consists of fetch and the execute cycle. It also has single level pipeline design.2.3. MSP430These types of microcontrollers are by Texas instruments. It is one of the lowest power consuming processor in the market at award. It is ideal for wireless applications and embedded systems. The features for MSP430 are explained below.2.3.1. Interrupt structureIn the MSP430 microcontroller interrupt structure provides two timers and a watchdog timer. It is also a power interrupt structure. In this interrupts have fixed priority by ordering. 2.3.2. Instruction setThe MSP430 is a 16-bit RISC processor and it has common RISC features in ISA. in this controller it has 27 core instructions and 7 addressing modes are present. These are having three core instructions format they are operand, operands or a jamp.In this both dedicated stack and stack are available.2.3.3. Memory architectureThese microcontrollers are also uses same space and data as per above discussed controllers. In this the entire ROM and RAM a single 16-bit pointer is used. This processor contains 16-bit register.R0 is a program counter,R1 is a stack pointer,R2 is a status register and R3 is a special register i.e. nothing but a invariable generation.R4 to R15 is for general use.2.3.4. I/O featuresThe host of I/O features are built in msp430.for interfacing devices like radio and transducers it has 10 I/O ports. UART and SPL support are available on the type of models.2.3.5. Applicability of low power techniqueFor low power applications the msp430 is neutr al. With the help of its supply voltage supervisor it can sample input voltage and at each time it can set below a software programmable threshold.2.3.6. Low powers sleep modesSix different power modes are available for msp430. Wakeup time is 6micro sec with the use of digital oscillator.2.3.7. PipeliningIt is not a pipelining architecture. There is no pipeline because they have different number of cycles in instruction but the positive is the most instructions run in one cycle which doesnt make the processor too down. The maximum clock frequency is slower when compared to other because of it lack of pipeline and division of instruction cycle.2.4. Comparison between PIC and AVR microcontrollersIn PIC microcontroller the memory architecture requires bank register to access 256 bytes of memory but for AVR no need of bank to access the data memory.PIC has only one general purpose register but AVR has 32 general purpose registers.PIC doesnt have SRAM where as AVR has SRAM that the stack is contained within SRAM in order to build the hardware stack.PIC18F and AT Mega having hardware multipliers where as AT Tiny and PIC16F dont having hardware multipliers.PIC is having high clock speed but it is divided by four to give the actual instruction rate. By comparing ATMega128L and MSP430 have rich instruction set and also it has a wide range of arithmetic instructions sets, many addressing modes. But in PIC18 and 8051 microcontrollers are limited. But PIC16 has add with carry instructions. The MSP430 has 40 digital pins, ATMega128L has 53 pins, PIC18 has 36, and PIC16 33 and 8051 has 37.3. CONCLUSIONThese microcontrollers are the central parts of any kind of sensors nodes. We have different types of microcontrollers in the present market which have almost same feature with the life of battery we can know the lifetime of the node. With the kind of memory access, instructions we known, how the execution of code is performed. The processing task can be done with more complex instructions, allowing more sleeping time to the system. It has the ability for self programming which is a useful feature. The efficient code will be generated with a well optimised version. But it doesnt deal well with the accumulator.Finally by comparing these three different microcontrollers MSP family series microcontrollers are better than the others. Because, its work better than the older microcontrollers and it completely dominates or rectifies the problem and works.

Evolution of the Microprocessor

Evolution of the MicroprocessorIntroductionA microprocessor is that curriculummable IC that is utilize for executing guidances to the process of digital data or exercise digital control over the devices. It is primarily ladders as the central processing unit of computer system. The complexity of todays microprocessors mention even modest description how microprocessors work beyond scope of the page.The worlds 1st microprocessor 4004, was co-developed by Buisson i.e. Japanese manufacturer of calculators, Intel U.S. manufacturer of semiconductors.After the development of a general-purpose LSI not merely the desktop calculators hardly in like manner the business machines ar origin both toldy based on the decimal computer with the stored program methods a basic architecture 4004 was developed on August 1969 a plan for the 4004 system was finalized in Dec 1969 and the 1st microprocessor was successfully developed in Mar 1971. Microprocessors which be drives the technology to op en up a new era, brought 2 outstand impacts, power of intelligence and power of computing.1st microprocessors opened up the new era of programming through replacing with the softwargon, the hardwired logic based on I of the former era of logic. At same that metre, microprocessors allowed young engineers use power of computing for creative development of the personal computers and computer games which in turn conduct to the growth in software industry they paved the way to the development of the high-level manageance of microprocessors. Also an engineer must be the armed with soused belief that on his mission is nothing but the development must be determined to the go of his own way, never following other(a)ss track. 4004 performance was notwithstanding 0.06MPS with 2238 junction electronic transistors 750 KHz operating frequency.Microprocessors evolved 4 bit 64 bit microprocessor, introducing computer technologies such pipeline super-pipeline super scalar VLIW cache m emory, and virtual memory system. flat is possible integrate 16 sets of the microprocessor with the 64GB of memory on board.In the 20th century, microprocessors are used for add in the power of intelligence.In 21st century, microprocessors ordain evolve into the tool to bring forth wisdom for whole mankind .The Breakthrough In MicroprocessorsThe vanquishing units in computers that were used in the early mid-forties were the mechanical relays. These were devices that opened and closed as they did the calculations. Come the 1950, and the vacuum tubes took over. The Atanasoff Berry Computer used in vacuum tubes as its switching units rather than relays. The switch from mechanical relay to vacuum tubes was an important expert advance as vacuum tubes could perform calculations considerably faster and more efficient than relay machines.This technological advance was short-lived because the tubes could not be make smaller than they were being made and had to be placed close to each ot her because they generated heat.Then came the transistor which was acknowledged as a revolutionarydevelopment. In Fire in the Valley, describe the transistor as a device which was the result of a series of developments in applications of physics. Transistor has changed the computer from giant electronic brain to commodity like TV set. As a result of the technological breakthrough of transistors, the introduction of minicomputers of the 60s the personal computer revolution of the 70s was made it possible.However, researchers did not stop at the transistors. They wanted a device thatcould perform more complex tasksa device that could integrate a number oftransistors into a more complex circuit. Hence, the terminology, integrated circuits or ICs. Because physically they were tiny chips of silicon, they came to be also referred to as chips. Initially, the gather up for ICs was typically the military and aerospace industries which were great users of computers and who were the only in dustries that could afford computersLater, an engineer at Intel, developed a sophisticated chip. This chip could extract data from its memory and yield the data as an instruction. The term that evolved to describe such device was microprocessor.Therefore,microprocessor first came into use at Intel in 1972. A microprocessor was nothing more than an extension of the arithmetic and logic IC chips corporating more functions into one chip. Today, the term still refers to an LSI wiz-chip processor capable of carrying out many of the basic operations of a digital computer. increment Of MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors essentially evolved from mechanical relays to IC what aspects of the computing industry led to the development of microprocessors.(1) Digital Computer TechnologyWe know the computer industry learned to make large, complex digital computers capable of processing more data and also how to build and use smaller, less expensive computers. The digital computer technology is been growing steadily since the recently 1940s.(2) SemiconductorsIt had also been growing steadily since the invention of the transistor in the late 1940s.In 1960s we saw the integrated circuit develop from just now a few transistors to many complicated tasks, all of the same chip.(3) The Calculator IndustryIt appears as if this industry grew overnight during the 1970s from the simplest of four-function calculators to very complex programmable scientific andfinancial machines.Generation Of MicroprocessorMicroprocessors were categorized into five generation Their characteristics are described belowA. First-GenerationThe microprocessors that were introduced 1971 to 1972 were referred as the first generation systems. They processed their instructions serially fetched the instruction, decoded it, thence executed it. When an instruction was completed, microprocessor updated the instruction pointer and fetched the next instruction, performing this sequential drill for each instruction in tu rn.B. Second GenerationBy the late 1970s , enough transistors were available on the IC to usher in the second generation of microprocessor sophistication 16-bit arithmetic and pipelined instruction processing. Motorolas MC68000 microprocessor, introduced in 1979, is an mannequin. Another example is Intels 8080.This generation is defined by the overlapped fetch, decode, and execute steps . As the first instruction is processed in the execution unit, the second instruction is decoded and the third instruction is fetched. The distinction between the first and second generation devices was primarily the use of newer semiconductor technology to fabricate the chips. This new technology resulted in a five-fold increase in instruction, execution, speed, and higher chip densities.C. Third GenerationThe third generation, introduced in 1978, was represented by Intels 8086 and the Zilog Z8000, which were 16-bit processors with minicomputer-like performance. The third generation came about as t he IC transistor counts approached 250,000. Motorolas MC68020, for example, incorporated an on-chip cache for the first time and the depth of the pipeline increased to five or more stages. This generation of microprocessors was different from the previous ones in that all major workstation manufacturers began developing their own reduced instruction set computer-based microprocessor architectures .D. Fourth GenerationAs the workstation companies converted from mercenary microprocessors to in-house determinations, microprocessors entered their fourth generation with designs surpassing a million transistors. Leading-edge microprocessors such as Intels 80960CA and Motorolas 88100 could issue and retire more than one instruction per clock cycleE. Fifth GenerationMicroprocessors in their fifth generation, employed decoupled super scalar processing, and their design soon surpassed 10 million transistors. In this generation, PCs are a low-margin, high-volume-business dominated by a singl e microprocessorV. Micro From Vacuum Tube To Todays Dual-Core Multi describeed Madness onward The Flood In The 1960sJust on the scant in the few years after the first laboratory ICs .Fairchild introduce their first commercial use integrated circuitAlready start of decade, process that would last until present day commercial ICs. There is a no doubt but the technology design process were fastly evolved.Observing the trend Fairchild director of R D Gordon observed that density of elements in the ICs doubling annually predicted that thread would continue next 10 years. With certain amend, this is came to be known Moores Law.The first ICs contained just few transistors per wafe by the dawn of the 70s for 1000 of the transistors per wafer. Its the only matter of the time before the someone would use this capacity to put entire computer on a chip several someones, indeed.Development Explosion The 1970sThe thinking of the computer on single chip described in the literature earlier. F inally process had caught up to thinking the computer on the chip was made it possible. The air was an electric with the possibility .Once feat establish rest of the decade saw the prolife of the companies old new getting into semiconductor business as first pc, first arcade games even the first home video game sys are also spreading consumers contacts with the electronics paving way for continued rapid growth in b/w 80s.At beginning of the 70s microprocessors yet not introduced. By end of the decade saturated market led to bell wars processors were already introduced16-bit.First ThreeThree groups claim for the first to put the computer on a chip. The Central Air Data Computer the Intel the Texas Instruments TMS 1000.Where are They now ?CADC spent about 20 years in the top secret cold war of the era until finally being classified in the 1998. Thus even it was first that remained under peoples radar even today didnt have chance to influence other until the early microproce ssor design.Intel 4004 have the short the broadly history to supersed by the 8008 other early Intel chips.Chip was not finally marketed in standalone form in 1974 for the low price of US $2 per piece. In the year of 1978 a special version of the TITMS 1000 is being brains of educational Speak Spell toy which E.T. jerry rigged to the phone home.Early Intel- 4004 8008 8080Intel released their 1st single 4-bit all purpose chip the Intel 4004 in Nov 1971. Its clock speed of 108KHz 2,300 transistors with ports for ROM RAM I/O. Originally it was designed for use in the calculator Intel had to discuss its contract to become able to market its product stand alone processor.Intel 8008 was introduced in the month of April 1972 didnt make much splash being more or less 8-bit 4004. Its primary claim was form the basis for 8080 later 8086 architecture.Intel put back with the 8080 which was used the same instruction set earlier by the 8008 and is in general considered to be first usab le microprocessor.Where is Intel stand now? Last time when we checked Intel was on the still around.RCA- 1802In 1974 RCA released the 1802 of the 8-bit processor with an different architecture than the other 8-bit processors. It consist of a register file of 16 registers that is of 16 bits each using the SEP instruction you can select any of the registers be the program counter.Interesting variation was the two or more than two subroutines a ring so that they were to the be called as the roundrobin order. The RCA 1802 was considered one of the first risc chips.Where Is Now ?RCA chip was the biggest market failure due to slow clock cycle speed. But it can be the fabricated to the radiation resistant so used on Voyage Viking Galileospace probes.IBM 801In 1975 IBM produced some earliest efforts to build microprocessor based on RISC design. IBM 801 was named after address of where the chip designed but odd that IBM systems already numbered 601 701.Where Is 801 Now Gone?801 chip fam ily never saw main use was primarily used in other IBM hardwares.The Evolution Of RISCRISC Relegate the Important Stuff to the Compiler known as load store architectures.In the 1970 research at IBM produced result that the some of the operations are actually slower than the number of smaller operations doing same thing. A famous eg. was the VAXsINDEX instruction which ran slower than loop implementing same code.Moto 6800Motorola introduced 6800 chip in the 1978 with the 78 instructions probably the first microprocessor with index register.When comes to program flexibility maintenance they are the wasteful when it was comes using scarce computer memory.Where Is 6800 Now Gone?Motorola is the only stand alone processors microcontrollers trace their lineage to mbdew 6800 including popular powerful 6809 of 1979.Where Is Industry Of Microprocessors Going?Almost immediately after their introduction, the microprocessors became the heart of the personal computer. Since then, the improv ements have come at an amazing pace. The 4004 ran at 108 kHz thats kilohertz, not megahertz and processed only 4 bits of data at a time.Todays microprocessors and the computers that run on them are thousands of times faster. Effectively, theyve come pretty close to fulfilling Moores Law which states that the number of transistors on a chip will double every 18 month consummation has increased nearly same rateConclusionThe microprocessor are their around for more than 20 years already. It is now comes in many forms sizes levels of sophistication powering all the kinds of applications that they rely on control of computer.althouh the cpu of computer system it needs to interact with some other semiconductor device in order to perform functions. And devices include memory input/output devices constitute rest of the computer system.Thus we know from where microprocessor evolutes till where goes.ReferencesWebsiteswww.google.comwww.bharatstudent.comwww.electronics4u.comwww.wikipedia.co mBooksU.S Shah , Microprocessor and its applicationsRamesh Goankar, Microprocessor Architecture , Design and applications of 8085B.Ram, 8085 Microprocessor

Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa

Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in AfricaThe developing economies of Africa mustiness on their part exercise deliberate and sustained efforts to attract the much needed inflows of foreign investments. To achieve this, the enabling economic, financial and governmental environment for such(prenominal) inflows must be created. An economy that is exposed to higher(prenominal) levels of political instability, economic uncertainties and financial peril will non be able to gain the confidence of investors. These encounter factors if not well mitigated with a great degree of transpargonncy and accountability could serve as barriers to both(prenominal) local and foreign investments. According to Banz and Clough (2002), the major reasons among many others for not investing in developing economies are the lack of transparency and poor governance policies. Therefore, Nigeria and other developing economies of Africa must work towards an environment that has a relatively reaso nable economic risk, ensure political stability and demonstrate moderate financial risk to attract foreign capital inflows especially in the form of equity investment.The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) markets to which Nigeria belong have of recent experienced close to legal, regulatory and supervisory changes resulting into increase transparency in the operation of their markets. The liquidity of the markets have increased and operations also liberalized to attract more foreign investors. The Nigerian economy is the largest of the 15 particle body and has a lot of political and economic invite over the other members. Conscious efforts have been made by the various member countries to partially open up their economies, through systematic privatization programs, overhauling of their legal and financial institutional infrastructures and use of modern trading platforms have resulted in echt development of their markets and repugn to attract some foreign direct investments (FDI) to them.Nigeria is currently the biggest economy in Africa after the recent rebasement of its GDP, in that respectby beating South Africa to the warrant place ((Magnowski, 2014). The rock oil sphere accounts for roughly 80% of fiscal revenues and 90% of export earnings (World Fact book).The country is also one of the major exporters of pet enjoymentum, and plays a significant role in OPEC (OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2013). To transmute its economy Nigeria is encouraging the growth of their private sector by offering some incentives to private sector equity investors who are willing to invest in the country.The country has an increasing GDP of $422.6bullion, $450.4 jillion and $502 billion for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively, and diminishing foreign debt seam of $15.73 billion and $13.4 billion for 2012 and 2013 respectively. There is also an increasing Foreign Direct Investment of $7.444 billionand $9.212 billion for 2012 and 2013 respectively (World Fact book World Bank).The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) is the second largest exchange in Africa it was established in 1960 to provide listing and trading ser valetudinarianisms among others. Its activities are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the country. The value of in public deald shares stood at $50.88 billion, $39.27 billion and $56.39 billion for 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively.Despite all the above mentioned good economic fundamentals or good indicators, Nigeria has been plagued by several daunting challenges, luminary among them are the issues epileptic power supply, inadequate infrastructures, insecurity, endemic corruption, increasing rate of unemployment and its heavy reliance on petroleum products (Global edge, 2014 World fact book). These factors pose some uncertainties about the Nigerian economic and old-hat market outlook.Nevertheless, the Nigerian economy is still growing. Fortunately, the government is also conscious of som e of these teething problems. Programs are initiated to diversify the economy in the areas of agriculture, power, telecommunication, transport and other services. These efforts seem to be yielding the desired results as evidenced in the countrys 6-8% per annum pre-rebasing growth rate. With these measures a seemingly conducive economic environment is created which could be exploited by investors. This therefore, presents reasonable economic risk. There is also institutionalized democracy leading to political stability in its own form in terms of the countrys ability to carry out declared programs. Nigeria is also able to pay its commercial and trade debt obligations and has at no time defaulted in payment of its external financial commitments thus demonstrating relatively moderate financial risks.These indices send strong signals in terms of information content about Nigerias overall economic health to domestic, inter subject investors and rating agencies among others. Therefore, i t will be of interest to through empirical observation explore how these factors (economic, financial and political risks) when taken together or separately can affect the countrys stock market performance and vice versa. Country risk ratings assess the probability of a countrys default on its debt from a variety of perspectives from socio-economic condition to growth in the real gross domestic product (GDP), government stability to corruption, to exchange rate stability among others.The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate the short and long-run relationships among Nigerias country risk ratings political, economic, and financial components and its stock market in order to provide further information for current and potential investors to enable them make better informed investment decisions. In our knowledge this is the first few studies of this nature conducted on an appear economy like Nigeria.Our main instrument of probe is the Autoregressive Distri howevered Lag (ARDL) approach formulated by Pesaran and Pesaran (2009) and Pesaran et al. (2001), to empirically investigate the relationships. The ARDL method is adopted because of its econometrics techniques. One important advantage of the ARDL model over other traditional approaches is that it can be use in time-series data irrespective of their order of integration, whether I(0), I(1) and/or fractionally integrated (Pesaran and Pesaran, 2009). The ARDL approach can also test for cointegration by the move testing procedure and can estimate the short-run dynamics and long-run relationships.The rest of the paper is organized as follows section two discusses related literature. branch three explains the methodology adopted in this paper. Section four presents the ARDL procedure and discusses its empirical findings. Conclusion and implications are given in section five.The globalization of trade and financial markets in the past years has created huge investment opportunities and its attend ant risks. It has therefore, becomes inevitable to know the credit worthiness of participating players. The motive behind such an assessment of the economic and financial condition and sometimes political stability of a country is to be able to evaluate the country credit risks tough in doing business or investing in such a country. Any event in a country that will affect not only the prospect of profitability but also restrict the movement of capital in the form of profits, dividend etc is worth evaluating.The need for such unfavorable valuation of credit worthiness of countries has resulted in the establishment of several rating agencies such as Fitch, Moodys and Standard Poor among many others. These risk ratings are considered as indicative of possible future default. A higher rating is seen as a lower risk of default, while a lower remove indicates a higher risk of default. Though the primary significance of ratings is due to their impact on interest rates at which countri es source for funds in the international financial markets, studies have also shown its influence on stock market movements. This argument is linked to the influence of country credit risk ratings on the inflows of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), into the hosts economy, especially through equity shares investments.There is no scarcity of research papers on sovereign ratings and their critical roles for encouraging and facilitating investment flows especially in developed economies, but there is paucity of studies conducted on the impact of these ratings on movements of national stock markets, particularly for emerging markets such as Nigeria. Some of the early studies by Erb et al (1995, 1996a, 1996b) show that there is association or relationship between country credit risk (i.e. the risk of a countrys inability to service its external debts) and returns on equity investments.The existence of relationship between country credit ratings and stock market returns was confirmed in th e early work of Erb et al. (1996a) using data that cut across boundaries. As a follow up to their earlier work, Erb et al. (1996b) investigated the influence of economic, financial and political risks on judge inflexible income returns. They show that there is relation between the country risk measures and world bond market expected returns. For the ICRG economic variable, they find positive and significant signs in unhedged, local, and foreign exchange portfolio returns. They also show that the country risk attributes are significant to the real yields of fixed income securities.Kaminsky and Schmukler (2001) also examine the influence of sovereign ratings and outlook changes on the sensitivity of emerging financial markets. They find that these variables have substantial influence on both bond and stock markets. A domestic downgrade is associated with an average increase change rate of two percentage points in bond yield spreads and a decrease of one percentage point in stock ret urns. Suba (2008) expressed a contrary view, stating that in approximately cases news of a downgrade is often anticipate earlier before its announcement therefore the potential negative effect of such information on stocks and exchange rate returns is diluted.The impacts of rating changes on both bond yield and sovereign debt have been tested severally by many authors. Reisen and Maltzan (1999) using the three main rating agencies, find that there is mutual interdependencies among rating changes and changes in bond yield spread. The study by Cantor and Packer (1996) also reported similar findings. Among several authors that have provided important insight into the influence of rating changes on sovereign debt and corporate securities are Hand et al. (1992) and Richards and Deddouche (1999). The degrees of sensitivity in all these studies tend to vary probably because of the methods used for the country risk analysis.Hammoudey et al. (2011) using emerging economies Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (commonly referred to as the BRICS countries) establish various degrees of sensitivities of these countries stock markets to their respective country risk ratings. China is most sensitive to all the risk variables, followed by Russia, while all the BRICS countries show moderate economic risk sensitivity.The spillover effect of sovereign debt rating changes on national stock markets and international debts is also confirmed by various authors, among them are Ferreira and Gama 2007 Li et al 2008. This situation is common among countries that share common economic features and open-plan Evidence of flow of information. Common border also suspected to play a significant role.Regional stock market movements are also influenced by country credit risk rating news. This development is consistent with the study by Christopher et al. (2008), stating that there is a positive relationship between the two factors. musical composition Brooks et al. (2004) in their study, though under a different setting did not find any sensitive association among the two variables. Turkeys stock market index also seems to have association with its economic, financial and political risk ratings. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, Sari et al. (2013) established a squiffy long-run relationship among the stock market and some of the risk variables.There are many leading commercial publishers of country and political risk analysis, but data for this study is sourced from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) economic, financial and political risk ratings for Nigeria covering the period 2001 to 2013. The ICRG rating system is made up of 22 variables representing three major components of country risk, namely economic, financial and political. These variables essentially represent risk-free measures. There are 5 variables representing each of the economic and financial components of risk, while the political component is based on 12 variable s (Hoti, 2003). The specified allowable range for each factor reflects the weight attributed to each factor. A higher score indicates a lower risk and vice versa. The stock market returns variable is obtained by taking the first logarithm difference of the monthly stock of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) for the period earlier specified.s

Citizens from France and The Netherlands rejected the Constitutional Tr

There have always been controversies ring the treaties in the post-Maastricht era. Such practices did non pass by the organic and capital of Portugal treaties. The rejection of these two treaties had a major semipolitical impact on Europe as a whole. 29th of May 2005, was a unforgettable day in the history of the European Union. That limited date is connected with the referendum in France, regarding the ratification of the inbuilt Treaty and most importantly with the non votes that were louder than the oui votes. The citizens theatrical role clearly stated that further integration amongst member states shall not be perceived through the Constitutional Treaty. Furthermore, just two days later Dutch referendum also stated the same as French. These non(s) and inheritable(s) threw Europe into a constitutional crisis. Three historic period later, the Lisbon Treaty was about to change e realthing, a step closer to an ever-close union. The treaty was already sanctioned in number of countries. It was Irelands citizens turn to subside on that matter with a referendum. 12th of June 2008, was the very date that Irishmen said no to the treaty. Both of those failures of the treaties move shockwaves all over Europe. Number of articles and official barometer canvass looked after the referendum to try to project the main reasons loafer the rejections. Certain aspects of the implication that drove the French and Irish public to halt further integration amongst states, are more or the less the same. For example, aspects of pretermit of knowledge and understandment of the treaties due to their complexity, common nationalistic and political views, just to name a few, are underlying ideas behind the noes. However, there are also monumental differences in the implications... ...) of the voters highlighted the insufficient knowledge they had on the treaty. Furthermore, a survey carried out by Irish multiplication/TNS mrbi (cited in OBrien & Oakley, 2008) showed th at 30% of no voters did not understand the treaty. Nationalist feelings were also amongst the most luminary reasons for rejecting the treaty, 12% of the against voters felt that this would keep the distinctiveness of Irish national identity (The Gallup Organization, 2008, p. 13). Irish rejection of the referendum also had its special demographics, according to Smith(2008) the The Gallup Organization survey had shown that the urban working class, rural dwellers and the catholic right have form an unusual alliance that led to the victory of the Euroskeptics. division later in (DATE), 2009 after several amendments of the Lisbon treaty, on a second referendum, Ireland ratified the treaty. Citizens from France and The Netherlands jilted the Constitutional TrThere have always been controversies surrounding the treaties in the post-Maastricht era. Such practices did not pass by the Constitutional and Lisbon treaties. The rejection of these two treaties had a major poli tical impact on Europe as a whole. 29th of May 2005, was a memorable day in the history of the European Union. That particular date is connected with the referendum in France, regarding the ratification of the Constitutional Treaty and most importantly with the non votes that were louder than the oui votes. The citizens voice clearly stated that further integration amongst member states shall not be perceived through the Constitutional Treaty. Furthermore, just two days later Dutch referendum also stated the same as French. These non(s) and nee(s) threw Europe into a constitutional crisis. Three years later, the Lisbon Treaty was about to change everything, a step closer to an ever-close union. The treaty was already ratified in number of countries. It was Irelands citizens turn to decide on that matter with a referendum. 12th of June 2008, was the very date that Irishmen said no to the treaty. Both of those failures of the treaties sent shockwaves all over Europe. Number of article s and official barometer polls looked after the referendum to try to project the main reasons behind the rejections. Certain aspects of the implication that drove the French and Irish public to halt further integration between states, are more or the less the same. For example, aspects of lack of knowledge and understandment of the treaties due to their complexity, common nationalistic and political views, just to name a few, are fundamental ideas behind the noes. However, there are also significant differences in the implications... ...) of the voters highlighted the insufficient knowledge they had on the treaty. Furthermore, a survey carried out by Irish Times/TNS mrbi (cited in OBrien & Oakley, 2008) showed that 30% of no voters did not understand the treaty. Nationalist feelings were also amongst the most notable reasons for rejecting the treaty, 12% of the against voters felt that this would keep the distinctiveness of Irish national identity (The Gallup Organization, 2008, p. 13). Irish rejection of the referendum also had its specific demographics, according to Smith(2008) the The Gallup Organization survey had shown that the urban working class, rural dwellers and the catholic right have formed an unusual alliance that led to the victory of the Euroskeptics. Year later in (DATE), 2009 after several amendments of the Lisbon treaty, on a second referendum, Ireland ratified the treaty. Citizens from France and The Netherlands rejected the Constitutional TrThere have always been controversies surrounding the treaties in the post-Maastricht era. Such practices did not pass by the Constitutional and Lisbon treaties. The rejection of these two treaties had a major political impact on Europe as a whole. 29th of May 2005, was a memorable day in the history of the European Union. That particular date is connected with the referendum in France, regarding the ratification of the Constitutional Treaty and most importantly with the non votes that we re louder than the oui votes. The citizens voice clearly stated that further integration amongst member states shall not be perceived through the Constitutional Treaty. Furthermore, just two days later Dutch referendum also stated the same as French. These non(s) and nee(s) threw Europe into a constitutional crisis. Three years later, the Lisbon Treaty was about to change everything, a step closer to an ever-close union. The treaty was already ratified in number of countries. It was Irelands citizens turn to decide on that matter with a referendum. 12th of June 2008, was the very date that Irishmen said no to the treaty. Both of those failures of the treaties sent shockwaves all over Europe. Number of articles and official barometer polls looked after the referendum to try to project the main reasons behind the rejections. Certain aspects of the implication that drove the French and Irish public to halt further integration between states, are more or the less the same. For example, aspects of lack of knowledge and understandment of the treaties due to their complexity, common nationalistic and political views, just to name a few, are fundamental ideas behind the noes. However, there are also significant differences in the implications... ...) of the voters highlighted the insufficient knowledge they had on the treaty. Furthermore, a survey carried out by Irish Times/TNS mrbi (cited in OBrien & Oakley, 2008) showed that 30% of no voters did not understand the treaty. Nationalist feelings were also amongst the most notable reasons for rejecting the treaty, 12% of the against voters felt that this would keep the distinctiveness of Irish national identity (The Gallup Organization, 2008, p. 13). Irish rejection of the referendum also had its specific demographics, according to Smith(2008) the The Gallup Organization survey had shown that the urban working class, rural dwellers and the catholic right have formed an unusual alliance that led to the victory of the Eu roskeptics. Year later in (DATE), 2009 after several amendments of the Lisbon treaty, on a second referendum, Ireland ratified the treaty.

An Artists review Essay -- essays research papers

Nusrat Ahmad Pioneer of PakistanAs I walked up to the future interior designer of the Ahmad family, I wondered the extent to which Nusrat Ahmad had interpreted her designing career. I saw Nusrat sitting on the lush green sofa in the corner of her family room, thinking that one day she would be strategically placing sofas in other peoples houses. Belonging to a Pakistani family, I wanted to question the extent of approval she received from her family and relatives and inquire around other South Asians artists in todays community. Just like any other Pakistani family, Nusrats parents always wanted their daughter to be a doctor. As she struggled through uplifted school with her science classes in order to please her parents, she started drawing as a hobby. Sitting bored in her Biology class, she developed a habit of drawing pictures of different organs of the human body in her notebook. She had no interest in the field and she bluffly told me that I enjoyed drawing more than physic s or biology. (Nusrat) Her parents were unaware of her art, which started to show up at her schools art exhibitions. Even until the end of her high school career, she did not tell her parents that she was serious or so her art and wanted to pursue it, and only when she started college did she tell them that she had an avid interest in that field. They disregarded the idea, thinking of it as a childish interest and still forced her into pursuing a medical career. After the end of her initiatory year in college, she started victorious an afternoon art class with a famous abstract artist in Pakistan, Mansoor Elahi, who was well known for his murals in The Parliament, the Presidents house. Even though her parents did not want her studying art, they allowed her to take that class due to her incessant nagging. Nusrat studied abstract art with him for about a year and a half, encourage by Mr. Elahi (Nusrat) and most of her paintings were a reflection of his ideas. These paintings were exhibited at local art exhibitions on and off. Eventually, he told her that her paintings could be sold for about three thousand dollars a piece.At the end of her particular 2 year college career, her peers granted her the title of Nusrat daVinci, a tradition where the juniors award a title of how an individual has been throu... ...estion as to why there are not that many Asian Americans represented in American literature is one that Nusrat could ask the same of South Asians. When I asked Nusrat about the reason behind the scarcity of Pakistanis enrolled in art school, she agreed with Amy Tans comment about being rebellious in nature and enjoying the contend of disproving assumptions(Tan, 264) Being brought up in Pakistan has given Nusrat an insight as to why there are so many restrictions on Pakistani children in their hobby of art. The fact that being rebellious in nature has led both these artists to rise up and do what they desired is very stereotypical of artists, yet it has proved to be beneficial for both Tan and Nusrat. Nusrats defiant nature has enabled her to explore horizons that are not normally delved into by Pakistani women. She is one of the first female artists from Pakistan who has dared to rise up and portray her artistic skills to the world. As I got up to leave the room where we sat for the interview, I could not help however wonder if this future interior designer and architect would be willing to design my future home.